Projects:EASA PPL/Aircraft General Knowledge: Difference between revisions
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* Flutter: torsion + bending | * Flutter: torsion + bending | ||
* Shimmy: sinusoidal motion/vibration + damper | * Shimmy: sinusoidal motion/vibration + damper | ||
* | * Trim tab: | ||
** reduce/cancel control forces | |||
** reduces hinge moment | |||
** reduces control surface efficiency | |||
== Fuselage & General Design == | == Fuselage & General Design == | ||
| Line 8: | Line 11: | ||
* Stringers: assist the skin withstand longitudinal compressive loads | * Stringers: assist the skin withstand longitudinal compressive loads | ||
* | *Wing spar: web + girders | ||
* Truss framework: used in light training aircraft | * Truss framework: used in light training aircraft | ||
* | * Monocoque: skin takes all the load | ||
* | * Semi-Monocoque: skin, frames, stringers -> skin takes majority of the load | ||
* Safe Life Design: may be used for number of cycles or flight hours | |||
== Landing Gear == | |||
* Recoil: Pressurized Air or Nitrogen | |||
* Dampener: Oil | |||
== Controls == | == Controls == | ||
* | * Yaw pedals: control heading, balance, slip and skip | ||
== Propeller == | == Propeller == | ||
* | * Blade tip is moving faster than blade root -> Prop is twisted, so that angle of attack stays the same at the tip | ||
* | * Constant Speed Propeller: | ||
** Pitch angle increases with increasing true air speed | |||
** manifold pressure increase -> prop pitch angle will increase | |||
** Engine failure: prop moves to lowest pitch, due to centrifugal force / spring force | |||
* Slipstream effect of Prop: at low airspeed with high power | * Slipstream effect of Prop: at low airspeed with high power | ||
== Electrical == | == Electrical == | ||
* | *Electrical ice protection: prevent ice on small surfaces | ||
* Static dischargers: on wing and tail tips for electrical discharge + reduce radio interference, limit transfer of electrical charge from clouds | * Static dischargers: on wing and tail tips for electrical discharge + reduce radio interference, limit transfer of electrical charge from clouds | ||
* Circuit breaker | |||
** Thermal: regular, slow | |||
** Magnetic: faster | |||
== Engine == | == Engine == | ||
* | * Otto motor: | ||
* | ** Diagramm: 2 adiabatic + 2 isochoric lines | ||
* | ** Ignition '''before''' TDC (top dead center) at each second revolution | ||
*Max EGT is associated with mass ratio of 1/15 | |||
*Carburettor ice with fixed prop: turn carb heat on, decrease in RPM -> increase in RPM | *Carburettor ice with fixed prop: turn carb heat on, decrease in RPM -> increase in RPM | ||
* | * Gearbox: magnesium alloy | ||
* | * Monitor engine power: RPM meter | ||
== Magneto == | == Magneto == | ||
* Magneto impulse coupling: stronger spark at TDC for engine starting, retarded spark | * Magneto impulse coupling: stronger spark at TDC for engine starting, retarded spark | ||
* | * Magnetic field flux: a conductor cuts the flux of a magnetic field -> emf is induced in the conductor | ||
== Flaps == | == Flaps == | ||
| Line 45: | Line 61: | ||
== Compass == | == Compass == | ||
* | * True heading -> Magnetic heading: use variation (from map with isogonal lines) | ||
* | *Magnetic compass: turning error due to vertical component of earths magnetic field | ||
* | * Compass check swing: measure the angle between magnetic north and compass north | ||
* | * Compass indication on acceleration or deceleration | ||
** ANDS - Accelerate North - Decelerate South | |||
== Altimeter == | == Altimeter == | ||
* | *Density altitude: the altitude of the standard atmosphere on which the density is equal to the actual density of the atmosphere | ||
Latest revision as of 16:17, 22 January 2023
Mechanical
- Flutter: torsion + bending
- Shimmy: sinusoidal motion/vibration + damper
- Trim tab:
- reduce/cancel control forces
- reduces hinge moment
- reduces control surface efficiency
Fuselage & General Design
- Stringers: assist the skin withstand longitudinal compressive loads
- Wing spar: web + girders
- Truss framework: used in light training aircraft
- Monocoque: skin takes all the load
- Semi-Monocoque: skin, frames, stringers -> skin takes majority of the load
- Safe Life Design: may be used for number of cycles or flight hours
Landing Gear
- Recoil: Pressurized Air or Nitrogen
- Dampener: Oil
Controls
- Yaw pedals: control heading, balance, slip and skip
Propeller
- Blade tip is moving faster than blade root -> Prop is twisted, so that angle of attack stays the same at the tip
- Constant Speed Propeller:
- Pitch angle increases with increasing true air speed
- manifold pressure increase -> prop pitch angle will increase
- Engine failure: prop moves to lowest pitch, due to centrifugal force / spring force
- Slipstream effect of Prop: at low airspeed with high power
Electrical
- Electrical ice protection: prevent ice on small surfaces
- Static dischargers: on wing and tail tips for electrical discharge + reduce radio interference, limit transfer of electrical charge from clouds
- Circuit breaker
- Thermal: regular, slow
- Magnetic: faster
Engine
- Otto motor:
- Diagramm: 2 adiabatic + 2 isochoric lines
- Ignition before TDC (top dead center) at each second revolution
- Max EGT is associated with mass ratio of 1/15
- Carburettor ice with fixed prop: turn carb heat on, decrease in RPM -> increase in RPM
- Gearbox: magnesium alloy
- Monitor engine power: RPM meter
Magneto
- Magneto impulse coupling: stronger spark at TDC for engine starting, retarded spark
- Magnetic field flux: a conductor cuts the flux of a magnetic field -> emf is induced in the conductor
Flaps
- Trailing edge flaps: increase lift at a lower angle of attack
Compass
- True heading -> Magnetic heading: use variation (from map with isogonal lines)
- Magnetic compass: turning error due to vertical component of earths magnetic field
- Compass check swing: measure the angle between magnetic north and compass north
- Compass indication on acceleration or deceleration
- ANDS - Accelerate North - Decelerate South
Altimeter
- Density altitude: the altitude of the standard atmosphere on which the density is equal to the actual density of the atmosphere