Projects:EASA PPL/Aircraft General Knowledge

From Wiki

Mechanical

  • Flutter: torsion + bending
  • Shimmy: sinusoidal motion/vibration + damper
  • Trim tab: reduce/cancel control forces, reduces hinge moment and control surface efficiency

Fuselage & General Design

  • Stringers: assist the skin withstand longitudinal compressive loads
  • Wing spar: web + girders
  • Truss framework: used in light training aircraft
  • Monocoque: skin takes all the load
  • Semi-Monocoque: skin, frames, stringers -> skin takes majority of the load
  • Safe Life Design: may be used for number of cycles or flight hours

Landing Gear

  • Recoil: Pressurized Air or Nitrogen
  • Dampener: Oil

Controls

  • Yaw pedals: control heading, balance, slip and skip

Propeller

  • Blade tip is moving faster than blade root -> Prop is twisted, so that angle of attack stays the same at the tip
  • Constant Speed Propeller:
    • Pitch angle increases with increasing true air speed
    • manifold pressure increase -> prop pitch angle will increase
  • Slipstream effect of Prop: at low airspeed with high power

Electrical

  • electrical ice protection: prevent ice on small surfaces
  • Static dischargers: on wing and tail tips for electrical discharge + reduce radio interference, limit transfer of electrical charge from clouds
  • Circuit breaker
    • Thermal: regular, slow
    • Magnetic: faster

Engine

  • Otto motor:
    • Diagramm: 2 adiabatic + 2 isochoric lines
    • Ignition before TDC (top dead center) at each second revolution
  • Max EGT is associated with mass ratio of 1/15
  • Carburettor ice with fixed prop: turn carb heat on, decrease in RPM -> increase in RPM
  • Gearbox: magnesium alloy

Magneto

  • Magneto impulse coupling: stronger spark at TDC for engine starting, retarded spark
  • magnetic field flux: a conductor cuts the flux of a magnetic field -> emf is induced in the conductor

Flaps

  • Trailing edge flaps: increase lift at a lower angle of attack

Compass

  • true heading -> magnetic heading: map with isogonal lines
  • magnetic compass: turning error due to vertival component of earths magnetic field
  • compass check swing: measure the angle between magnetic north and compass north
  • ANDS: compass indication on accel or decel

Altimeter

  • density altitude: the altitude of the standard atmosphere on which the density is equal to the actual density of the atmosphere
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