Projects:EASA PPL/Aircraft General Knowledge: Difference between revisions
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* Flutter: torsion + bending | * Flutter: torsion + bending | ||
* Shimmy: sinusoidal motion/vibration + damper | * Shimmy: sinusoidal motion/vibration + damper | ||
* Trim tab: reduce/cancel control forces | * Trim tab: | ||
** reduce/cancel control forces | |||
** reduces hinge moment | |||
** reduces control surface efficiency | |||
== Fuselage & General Design == | == Fuselage & General Design == | ||
| Line 28: | Line 31: | ||
** Pitch angle increases with increasing true air speed | ** Pitch angle increases with increasing true air speed | ||
** manifold pressure increase -> prop pitch angle will increase | ** manifold pressure increase -> prop pitch angle will increase | ||
** Engine failure: prop moves to lowest pitch, due to centrifugal force / spring force | |||
* Slipstream effect of Prop: at low airspeed with high power | * Slipstream effect of Prop: at low airspeed with high power | ||
== Electrical == | == Electrical == | ||
* | *Electrical ice protection: prevent ice on small surfaces | ||
* Static dischargers: on wing and tail tips for electrical discharge + reduce radio interference, limit transfer of electrical charge from clouds | * Static dischargers: on wing and tail tips for electrical discharge + reduce radio interference, limit transfer of electrical charge from clouds | ||
* Circuit breaker | * Circuit breaker | ||
| Line 41: | Line 45: | ||
* Otto motor: | * Otto motor: | ||
** Diagramm: 2 adiabatic + 2 isochoric lines | ** Diagramm: 2 adiabatic + 2 isochoric lines | ||
** Ignition before TDC (top dead center) at each second revolution | ** Ignition '''before''' TDC (top dead center) at each second revolution | ||
*Max EGT is associated with mass ratio of 1/15 | *Max EGT is associated with mass ratio of 1/15 | ||
*Carburettor ice with fixed prop: turn carb heat on, decrease in RPM -> increase in RPM | *Carburettor ice with fixed prop: turn carb heat on, decrease in RPM -> increase in RPM | ||
* Gearbox: magnesium alloy | * Gearbox: magnesium alloy | ||
* Monitor engine power: RPM meter | |||
== Magneto == | == Magneto == | ||
* Magneto impulse coupling: stronger spark at TDC for engine starting, retarded spark | * Magneto impulse coupling: stronger spark at TDC for engine starting, retarded spark | ||
* | * Magnetic field flux: a conductor cuts the flux of a magnetic field -> emf is induced in the conductor | ||
== Flaps == | == Flaps == | ||
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== Compass == | == Compass == | ||
* | * True heading -> Magnetic heading: use variation (from map with isogonal lines) | ||
* | *Magnetic compass: turning error due to vertical component of earths magnetic field | ||
* | * Compass check swing: measure the angle between magnetic north and compass north | ||
* | * Compass indication on acceleration or deceleration | ||
** ANDS - Accelerate North - Decelerate South | |||
== Altimeter == | == Altimeter == | ||
* | *Density altitude: the altitude of the standard atmosphere on which the density is equal to the actual density of the atmosphere | ||
Latest revision as of 16:17, 22 January 2023
Mechanical
- Flutter: torsion + bending
- Shimmy: sinusoidal motion/vibration + damper
- Trim tab:
- reduce/cancel control forces
- reduces hinge moment
- reduces control surface efficiency
Fuselage & General Design
- Stringers: assist the skin withstand longitudinal compressive loads
- Wing spar: web + girders
- Truss framework: used in light training aircraft
- Monocoque: skin takes all the load
- Semi-Monocoque: skin, frames, stringers -> skin takes majority of the load
- Safe Life Design: may be used for number of cycles or flight hours
Landing Gear
- Recoil: Pressurized Air or Nitrogen
- Dampener: Oil
Controls
- Yaw pedals: control heading, balance, slip and skip
Propeller
- Blade tip is moving faster than blade root -> Prop is twisted, so that angle of attack stays the same at the tip
- Constant Speed Propeller:
- Pitch angle increases with increasing true air speed
- manifold pressure increase -> prop pitch angle will increase
- Engine failure: prop moves to lowest pitch, due to centrifugal force / spring force
- Slipstream effect of Prop: at low airspeed with high power
Electrical
- Electrical ice protection: prevent ice on small surfaces
- Static dischargers: on wing and tail tips for electrical discharge + reduce radio interference, limit transfer of electrical charge from clouds
- Circuit breaker
- Thermal: regular, slow
- Magnetic: faster
Engine
- Otto motor:
- Diagramm: 2 adiabatic + 2 isochoric lines
- Ignition before TDC (top dead center) at each second revolution
- Max EGT is associated with mass ratio of 1/15
- Carburettor ice with fixed prop: turn carb heat on, decrease in RPM -> increase in RPM
- Gearbox: magnesium alloy
- Monitor engine power: RPM meter
Magneto
- Magneto impulse coupling: stronger spark at TDC for engine starting, retarded spark
- Magnetic field flux: a conductor cuts the flux of a magnetic field -> emf is induced in the conductor
Flaps
- Trailing edge flaps: increase lift at a lower angle of attack
Compass
- True heading -> Magnetic heading: use variation (from map with isogonal lines)
- Magnetic compass: turning error due to vertical component of earths magnetic field
- Compass check swing: measure the angle between magnetic north and compass north
- Compass indication on acceleration or deceleration
- ANDS - Accelerate North - Decelerate South
Altimeter
- Density altitude: the altitude of the standard atmosphere on which the density is equal to the actual density of the atmosphere