Projects:EASA PPL/Aircraft General Knowledge: Difference between revisions

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* Flutter: torsion + bending
* Flutter: torsion + bending
* Shimmy: sinusoidal motion/vibration + damper
* Shimmy: sinusoidal motion/vibration + damper
* trim tab: reduce/cancel control forces, reduces hinge moment and control surface efficiency
* Trim tab:  
** reduce/cancel control forces
** reduces hinge moment  
** reduces control surface efficiency


== Fuselage & General Design ==
== Fuselage & General Design ==
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* Stringers: assist the skin withstand longitudinal compressive loads
* Stringers: assist the skin withstand longitudinal compressive loads


*wing spar: web + girders
*Wing spar: web + girders
* Truss framework: used in light training aircraft
* Truss framework: used in light training aircraft
* semi-monocoque: skin, frames, stringers
* Monocoque: skin takes all the load
* safe life design: may be used for number of cycles or flight hours
* Semi-Monocoque: skin, frames, stringers -> skin takes majority of the load
* Safe Life Design: may be used for number of cycles or flight hours
 
== Landing Gear ==
 
* Recoil: Pressurized Air or Nitrogen
* Dampener: Oil


== Controls ==
== Controls ==


* yaw pedals: control heading, balance, slip and skip
* Yaw pedals: control heading, balance, slip and skip


== Propeller ==
== Propeller ==
* constant speed prop: pitch angle increases with increasing true air speed
* Blade tip is moving faster than blade root -> Prop is twisted, so that angle of attack stays the same at the tip
* constant speed prop: manifold pressure increase -> prop pitch angle will increase
* Constant Speed Propeller:
** Pitch angle increases with increasing true air speed
** manifold pressure increase -> prop pitch angle will increase
** Engine failure: prop moves to lowest pitch, due to centrifugal force / spring force
* Slipstream effect of Prop: at low airspeed with high power
* Slipstream effect of Prop: at low airspeed with high power


== Electrical ==
== Electrical ==


*electrical ice protection: prevent ice on small surfaces
*Electrical ice protection: prevent ice on small surfaces
* Static dischargers: on wing and tail tips for electrical discharge + reduce radio interference, limit transfer of electrical charge from clouds
* Static dischargers: on wing and tail tips for electrical discharge + reduce radio interference, limit transfer of electrical charge from clouds
* Circuit breaker
** Thermal: regular, slow
** Magnetic: faster


== Engine ==
== Engine ==
* Max EGT is associated with mass ratio of 1/15
* Otto motor:
* Otto motor diagramm: 2 adiabatic + 2 isochoric lines
** Diagramm: 2 adiabatic + 2 isochoric lines
* Otto motor: Ignition before TDC at each second revolution
** Ignition '''before''' TDC (top dead center) at each second revolution
*Max EGT is associated with mass ratio of 1/15
*Carburettor ice with fixed prop: turn carb heat on, decrease in RPM -> increase in RPM
*Carburettor ice with fixed prop: turn carb heat on, decrease in RPM -> increase in RPM
* gearbox: magnesium alloy
* Gearbox: magnesium alloy
*
* Monitor engine power: RPM meter


== Magneto ==
== Magneto ==


* Magneto impulse coupling: stronger spark at TDC for engine starting, retarded spark
* Magneto impulse coupling: stronger spark at TDC for engine starting, retarded spark
* magnetic field flux: a conductor cuts the flux of a magnetic field -> emf is induced in the conductor
* Magnetic field flux: a conductor cuts the flux of a magnetic field -> emf is induced in the conductor


== Flaps ==
== Flaps ==
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== Compass ==
== Compass ==
* true heading -> magnetic heading: map with isogonal lines
* True heading -> Magnetic heading: use variation (from map with isogonal lines)
*magnetic compass: turning error due to vertival component of earths magnetic field
*Magnetic compass: turning error due to vertical component of earths magnetic field
* compass check swing: measure the angle between magnetic north and compass north
* Compass check swing: measure the angle between magnetic north and compass north
* ANDS: compass indication on accel or decel
* Compass indication on acceleration or deceleration
** ANDS - Accelerate North - Decelerate South


== Altimeter ==
== Altimeter ==
*density altitude: the altitude of the standard atmosphere on which the density is equal to the actual density of the atmosphere
*Density altitude: the altitude of the standard atmosphere on which the density is equal to the actual density of the atmosphere

Latest revision as of 16:17, 22 January 2023

Mechanical

  • Flutter: torsion + bending
  • Shimmy: sinusoidal motion/vibration + damper
  • Trim tab:
    • reduce/cancel control forces
    • reduces hinge moment
    • reduces control surface efficiency

Fuselage & General Design

  • Stringers: assist the skin withstand longitudinal compressive loads
  • Wing spar: web + girders
  • Truss framework: used in light training aircraft
  • Monocoque: skin takes all the load
  • Semi-Monocoque: skin, frames, stringers -> skin takes majority of the load
  • Safe Life Design: may be used for number of cycles or flight hours

Landing Gear

  • Recoil: Pressurized Air or Nitrogen
  • Dampener: Oil

Controls

  • Yaw pedals: control heading, balance, slip and skip

Propeller

  • Blade tip is moving faster than blade root -> Prop is twisted, so that angle of attack stays the same at the tip
  • Constant Speed Propeller:
    • Pitch angle increases with increasing true air speed
    • manifold pressure increase -> prop pitch angle will increase
    • Engine failure: prop moves to lowest pitch, due to centrifugal force / spring force
  • Slipstream effect of Prop: at low airspeed with high power

Electrical

  • Electrical ice protection: prevent ice on small surfaces
  • Static dischargers: on wing and tail tips for electrical discharge + reduce radio interference, limit transfer of electrical charge from clouds
  • Circuit breaker
    • Thermal: regular, slow
    • Magnetic: faster

Engine

  • Otto motor:
    • Diagramm: 2 adiabatic + 2 isochoric lines
    • Ignition before TDC (top dead center) at each second revolution
  • Max EGT is associated with mass ratio of 1/15
  • Carburettor ice with fixed prop: turn carb heat on, decrease in RPM -> increase in RPM
  • Gearbox: magnesium alloy
  • Monitor engine power: RPM meter

Magneto

  • Magneto impulse coupling: stronger spark at TDC for engine starting, retarded spark
  • Magnetic field flux: a conductor cuts the flux of a magnetic field -> emf is induced in the conductor

Flaps

  • Trailing edge flaps: increase lift at a lower angle of attack

Compass

  • True heading -> Magnetic heading: use variation (from map with isogonal lines)
  • Magnetic compass: turning error due to vertical component of earths magnetic field
  • Compass check swing: measure the angle between magnetic north and compass north
  • Compass indication on acceleration or deceleration
    • ANDS - Accelerate North - Decelerate South

Altimeter

  • Density altitude: the altitude of the standard atmosphere on which the density is equal to the actual density of the atmosphere
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