Variables

Tuples

not changeable

a = (1,2,3)
b = ("test", "with", "strings")

b[0]
-> test

Lists

changeable

c = [4,5,6]
d = ["this", "is", "a", "list"]

d[0]
-> this

d[0] = 'new'
d[0:1] = ['new', 'stuff']
d.append('dude')
d.count('new')
del d[0:1]
d.extend(['more', 'elements']
d.index(x)
d.insert(i,x)
d.pop()
d.remove(x)
d.reverse()
d.sort()

Dictionaries

mapping

e = {'size':5, 'color':'red', 'weight':100}

e['size']
-> 5

Operators

+
-
*
/
//
%
**

&
|

<
<=
>
>=
!=
==
is
is not
in
not in
and
or

Flow Control

If Then Else

if x < 0:
    print('Negative')
elif x == 0:
    print('Zero')
else:
    print('More')

For loops

for x in ['cat', 'dog', 'bird']:
    print (x)

for i in [1,2,3,4,5]:
    print (i+10)

While loops

while test:
    print (answer)

while True:
    print (answer)
    if answer == '2':
        break

x = 0
while x < 50:
    x = x+1

try ... except

try:
    result = x / y
except ZeroDivisionError:
     print("division by zero!")
else:
     print("result is", result)
finally:
     print("executing finally clause")

Statements

assert
break
continue
del
exec
global
import
nonlocal
pass
raise
return
yield

Strings

string = "Hello World"
string = 'Hello World'

string[4]                             # = 'o'
string.split(' ')                     # ['Hello', 'World']

String functions

capitalize()
center(width)
count(sub,start,end)
decode()
encode()
endswith(sub)
expandtabs()
find(sub,start,end)
index(sub,start,end)
isalnum()
isalpha()
isdigit()
islower()
isspace()
istitle()
isupper()
join()
ljust(width)
lower()
lstrip()
partition(sep)
replace(old,new)
rfind(sub,start,end)
rindex(sub,start,end)
rjust(width)
rpartition(sep)
rsplit(sep)
rstrip()
split(sep)
splitlines()
startswith(sub)
strip()
swapcase()
title()
translate(table)
upper()
zfill(width)

Functions

datetime

today()
now(timezoneinfo)
utcnow()
fromordinal(ordinal)
combine(date,time)
strptime(date,format)
fromtimestamp(timestamp)
utcfromtimestamp(timestamp)

time

replace()
utcoffset()
isoformat()
__str__()
dst()
tzname()
strftime(format)

strftime & strptime format

Input & Output

x = input("input:")

print(x+12)
print("Hello world")
print("Integer: %i, Float: %6.2f" % (123, 12.043))
print("Integer: {intvar:i}, Float: {floatvar:.2f}")
print("value of x: {0:05d}".format(x))
print("%3i%6s" % (i, chr(i)))

import sys
sys.argv[1]

Files

file = open (ordersfile, 'rb')
file.read()
file.readline()
file.close()

with open(ordersfile, 'wb') as fp:
    pickle.dump(orders, fp)

with open (ordersfile, 'rb') as fp:
    orders = pickle.load(fp)

File system

Escape sequences

ES	Note
\\	backslash
\'	'
\"	"
\b	backspace
\f	form feed
\n	line feed
\t	horizontal tab
\v	vertical tab
\N{Name}	Unicode by name
\uxxxx	16bit unicode
\uxxxxxxxx	32bit unicode
\123	ASCII code
\xhh	Extended ASCII code (hex)