Projects:EASA PPL/Flight Performance and Planning

• Units:
  • 1 NM = 1.852 km
  • 1m = 3,28 ft
  • 1 US gal = 3.785 L
  • 1 kg = 2.205 pounds

• Terminologie:
  • Neutrally stable: center of gravity towards rear limit
  • Datum: on longitudinal axis, not necessarily between nose and tail
  • backside of power curve: speed unstable
  • rate of climb: climb gradient (%) * TAS / 100
  • climb gradient:
    • (thrust - drag) / weigth * 100
    • Rate of climb / True airspeed
  • climb angle: tan-1 (gradient (rise/run) e.g. 5,2% -> 5.2/100 -> tan-1 (0.052)
  • glide for max time (endurance) :
    • at minimum rate of descent, TAS for max time will increase with altitude
    • ~max rate of climb speed (Vmindrag = VY?)
  • glide for max range (distance):
    • Lift / Drag ratio at maximum, TAS for max range will increase with altitude
  • VS0: stalling speed in landing configuration
  • VS1: stalling speed in specific configuration (e.g. cruise)
  • VX: Best angle of climb (obstacle avoidance), max excess of thrust over drag
  • VY: Best rate of climb speed, max excess power (diff between drag curve and power curve), flaps reduce VY

• Weight & Mass:
  • BEM: Basic empty mass
  • DOM: Dry operating mass (BEM + variable load (Crew+special equipment)
  • ZFM: Zero fuel mass (DOM + TL)
  • TL / TF: Traffic Load / Payload
  • Max permissible take-off mass - wake turbulence category: L 7000kg

• Fuel:
  • Block / Ramp Fuel: In the tank before the trip
  • Start
  • Taxi
  • Trip: take off, climb, cruise, descent, approach, landing
  • Reserve:
    • Contingency: 5% of trip or 5min at cruise comsumption
    • Alternate: missed approach, climb, cruise, descent, approach, landing
    • Final reserve: 45min
    • Additional: choice by PIC
  • Avgas: 0,72 density / specific gravity

• Flight Plan:
  • Required when: IFR, cross-border
  • Total estimated time: from take-off to arrive over destination
  • Elapsed time format: 1h55min -> 0155
  • Item 7, Identifier for Radio equipped aircraft: RTF callsign
  • Item 9, Number and Type of Aircraft / Aircraft designator:
    • Number of Aircraft: in group
    • No designator: ZZZZ + entry in item 18
  • Item 10, Equipment: Carriage of a Mode A+C (altitude) Transponder -> Letter C
  • Item 15, Speed: TAS
  • Item 16, Destination estimated time to: EDDM0215 (2h 15min flight time)
  • Item 19,
    • Number of passangers: TBN (to be notified) if not known when filing
    • Emergency and survival equipment: cross out the relevant boxes of equipment NOT carried

• Memorize questions:
  • What is minimum headwind to land at Helgoland?
    • 1300ft Runway, MSL, ISA, 3200lbs -> 10kt
  • Landing distance?
    • OAT: 27°C, 3000ft alt, 2900lbs, tailwind 5kt, -> Landing distance: 1850ft
    • OAT: ISA+15°C, 0ft alt, 2940lbs, headwind 10kt, grass factor 1.38 -> Landing distance: 1794ft
  • Ground distance to reach height:
    • OAT: 25°C, 1000ft alt, 3600lbs, 100KIAS, 15kt headwind -> Ground distance: 15596ft
  • Wind correction angle:
    • True course 017° / TAS 420kt - Wind 340°/30kt -> WCA -2°; 396kt GS
    • True cource 42°, Variantion 6°, Deviation card for 045=-4 -> 052° Compass heading
  • Map
    • Villingen to Freudenstadt: 24NM distance
    • Villingen to Freundenstadt: min altitude 4500ft
    • Peiting to Immenstadt: 32NM distance
    • Saulgau to Altenstadt: Magnetic 091°, 54NM
    • Erbach to Poltringen: Magnetic 289°, 76km
    • Sigmaringen to Biberach: Magnetic 084°, 22NM
    • Zurich VOLMET: 127.20 MHz
    • Nav aid @ 48°23N 008°39E -> VOR
  • Fuel consumption:
    • FL 75, OAT 10°, 2300rpm, -> 11.6gph / 160kt
    • 3500lbs, 2500ft alt, OAT 10°C, FL140 (OAT -5°C) -> 23,5min / 7.1gal / 48.5 NM
    • 3663lbs, AVGAS (6lbs/gal), 74gal, Take off MSL, Headwind 40kt, Cruise 8000ft, 2300RPM -> 633NM
    • Tripfuel: 136kg , 2h45min flight time, -> 3h34min
    • 10lbs startup + taxi,
      • 64 pounds per hour
      • Total block 283 lbs = 205lbs cruise + 10lbs startup + 6lbs (1gal) + 62 lbs reserve (205*30%)
  • Weather:
    • EGLL forecast 0600 -> 1500m min vis