Projects:EASA PPL/Flight Performance and Planning

Units

• 1 NM = 1.852 km
• 1m = 3,28 ft
• 1 US gal = 3.785 L
• 1 kg = 2.205 pounds

Terminology

• Neutrally stable: center of gravity towards rear limit
• Datum: on longitudinal axis, not necessarily between nose and tail
• backside of power curve: speed unstable
• rate of climb: climb gradient (%) * TAS / 100
• climb gradient:
  • (thrust - drag) / weigth * 100
  • Rate of climb / True airspeed
• climb angle: tan-1 (gradient (rise/run) e.g. 5,2% -> 5.2/100 -> tan-1 (0.052)
• glide for max time (endurance) :
  • at minimum rate of descent, TAS for max time will increase with altitude
  • ~max rate of climb speed (Vmindrag = VY?)
• glide for max range (distance):
  • Lift / Drag ratio at maximum, TAS for max range will increase with altitude

V-Speeds

• VS0: stalling speed in landing configuration
• VS1: stalling speed in specific configuration (e.g. cruise)
• VX: Best angle of climb (obstacle avoidance), max excess of thrust over drag
• VY: Best rate of climb speed, max excess power (diff between drag curve and power curve), flaps reduce VY

Weight & Mass:

• BEM: Basic empty mass
• DOM: Dry operating mass (BEM + variable load (Crew+special equipment)
• ZFM: Zero fuel mass (DOM + TL)
• TL / TF: Traffic Load / Payload
• Max permissible take-off mass - wake turbulence category: L 7000kg

Fuel

• Block / Ramp Fuel: In the tank when off the blocks
• Start: start engine
• Taxi: taxi to runway
• Trip: take-off, climb, cruise, descent, approach, landing
• Reserve:
  • Contingency: 5% of trip or 5min at cruise comsumption
  • Alternate: missed approach, climb, cruise, descent, approach, landing
  • Final reserve: 45min
  • Additional: choice by PIC

• Avgas: 0,72 density / specific gravity

Flight Plan

• Required when: IFR, cross-border
• Total estimated time: from take-off to arrive over destination
• Elapsed time format: 1h55min -> 0155
• Item 7, Identifier for Radio equipped aircraft: RTF callsign
• Item 9, Number and Type of Aircraft / Aircraft designator:
  • Number of Aircraft: in group
  • No designator: ZZZZ + entry in item 18
• Item 10, Equipment: Carriage of a Mode A+C (altitude) Transponder -> Letter C
• Item 15, Speed: TAS
• Item 16, Destination estimated time to: EDDM0215 (2h 15min flight time)
• Item 19,
  • Number of passangers: TBN (to be notified) if not known when filing
  • Emergency and survival equipment: cross out the relevant boxes of equipment NOT carried

Memorize questions:

• • What is minimum headwind to land at Helgoland?
    • 1300ft Runway, MSL, ISA, 3200lbs -> 10kt
  • Landing distance?
    • OAT: 27°C, 3000ft alt, 2900lbs, tailwind 5kt, -> Landing distance: 1850ft
    • OAT: ISA+15°C, 0ft alt, 2940lbs, headwind 10kt, grass factor 1.38 -> Landing distance: 1794ft
  • Ground distance to reach height:
    • OAT: 25°C, 1000ft alt, 3600lbs, 100KIAS, 15kt headwind -> Ground distance: 15596ft
  • Wind correction angle:
    • True course 017° / TAS 420kt - Wind 340°/30kt -> WCA -2°; 396kt GS
    • True cource 42°, Variantion 6°, Deviation card for 045=-4 -> 052° Compass heading
  • Map
    • Villingen to Freudenstadt: 24NM distance
    • Villingen to Freundenstadt: min altitude 4500ft
    • Peiting to Immenstadt: 32NM distance
    • Saulgau to Altenstadt: Magnetic 091°, 54NM
    • Erbach to Poltringen: Magnetic 289°, 76km
    • Sigmaringen to Biberach: Magnetic 084°, 22NM
    • Zurich VOLMET: 127.20 MHz
    • Nav aid @ 48°23N 008°39E -> VOR
  • Fuel consumption:
    • FL 75, OAT 10°, 2300rpm, -> 11.6gph / 160kt
    • 3500lbs, 2500ft alt, OAT 10°C, FL140 (OAT -5°C) -> 23,5min / 7.1gal / 48.5 NM
    • 3663lbs, AVGAS (6lbs/gal), 74gal, Take off MSL, Headwind 40kt, Cruise 8000ft, 2300RPM -> 633NM
    • Tripfuel: 136kg , 2h45min flight time, -> 3h34min
    • 10lbs startup + taxi,
      • 64 pounds per hour
      • Total block 283 lbs = 205lbs cruise + 10lbs startup + 6lbs (1gal) + 62 lbs reserve (205*30%)
  • Weather:
    • EGLL forecast 0600 -> 1500m min vis