VFR Distances
- VFR requires VMC conditions
- Around airport:
- Cloud ceiling > 1500'
- Ground vis >= 5km
- general:
- 1500m horizontally + 1000' vertical distance from cloud
- at or below 10000' = 5km visibility
- above 10000' = 8km visibility
- No VFR allowed:
- in Class A airspace
- >= FL200
- transonic, supersonic
- min. 1000' over towns
- min. 500' over other ground
IFR Distances
- 1000' above highest obstacle within 8km radius
- 2000' above highest obstacle in mountainous area, > 5000', turbulent conditions
Squawk codes
- 7000 = VFR
- 7500 = Hijacking
- 7600 = Radio failure
- 7700 = Mayday
Pressure
- QNH - altitude (above MSL)
- QFE - height (above airport)
- Standard 1013.25 hPa - (Flight level)
Airspaces
|
|
Controlled
|
Uncont.
|
|
|
A
|
B
|
C
|
D
|
E
|
F
|
G
|
| VFR allowed
|
X
|
✓
|
✓
|
✓
|
✓
|
✓
|
✓
|
| ATC service
|
✓
|
✓
|
✓
|
✓
|
IFR
|
IFR Adv
|
X
|
| Separation provided:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| IFR ↔ IFR
|
✓
|
✓
|
✓
|
✓
|
✓
|
(✓)
|
X
|
| IFR ↔ VFR
|
✓
|
✓
|
✓
|
trf
|
(trf)
|
X
|
X
|
| VFR ↔ VFR
|
✓
|
✓
|
trf
|
trf
|
(trf)
|
X
|
X
|
trf = traffic information
( ) = as far as practical
Semi-Circular rule
| IFR
|
VFR
|
| Left
|
Right
|
Left
|
Right
|
| FL20
|
FL10
|
FL45
|
FL35
|
| FL40
|
FL30
|
FL65
|
FL55
|
| FL60
|
FL50
|
FL85
|
FL75
|
| ...
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
| FL310
|
FL290
|
FL320
|
FL300
|
| FL350
|
FL330
|
FL360
|
FL340
|
| ...
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
ICAO Annexes
- 1 Personnel Licensing
- 2 Rules of the Air
- 3 Meteorology
- 4 Charts
- 5 Units and Measurements
- 6 Operations
- 7 Registration Markings
- 8 Airworthiness
- 9 Facilitation
- 10 Telecommunications
- 11 Air Traffic Services
- 12 Search and Rescue
- 13 Accidents
- 14 Aerodromes
- 15 AIS
- 16 Environmental Protection
- 17 Security
- 18 Dangerous Goods
Search & Rescue signals
- V = require assistance
- X = require medical assistance
- N = no
- Y = yes
- ↑ = direction
Aerodromes
Runway lights
- Edge: white, fixed (precision approach: variable white/yellow)
- Start: green, unidirectional
- End: red, unidirectional
- Centerline: white (some red towards the end)
Taxiway lights
- Edge: blue, fixed
- Center line: green, fixed
Beacon
- Flashing: white + green (morse code ID in green)
Signs
- Information: yellow/black or black/yellow
- Mandatory: white on red
Light Signals
|
|
Aircraft in Flight
|
| steady green
|
cleared to land
|
| flashing green
|
return for landing
|
| steady red
|
give way to other aircraft / continue circeling
|
| flashing red
|
Aerodrome unsafe, do not land
|
| flashing white
|
land after continuous green
|
|
|
|
| red fireworks
|
notwithstanding previous instructions, do not land
|
|
|
Aircraft on Ground
|
| steady green
|
cleared for take-off
|
| flashing green
|
cleared for taxi
|
| steady red
|
stop
|
| flashing red
|
taxi clear of landing area
|
| flashing white
|
return to starting point
|