Projects:EASA PPL/Air Law
VFR Distances
- VFR requires VMC conditions
- Around airport:
- Cloud ceiling > 1500'
- Ground vis >= 5km
- general:
- 1500m horizontally + 1000' vertical distance from cloud
- at or below 10000' = 5km visibility
- above 10000' = 8km visibility
- No VFR allowed:
- in Class A airspace
- >= FL200
- transonic, supersonic
- min. 1000' over towns
- min. 500' over other ground
IFR Distances
- 1000' above highest obstacle within 8km radius
- 2000' above highest obstacle in mountainous area, > 5000', turbulent conditions
Squawk codes
- 7000 = VFR
- 7500 = Hijacking
- 7600 = Radio failure
- 7700 = Mayday
Pressure
- QNH - altitude (above MSL)
- QFE - height (above airport)
- Standard 1013.25 hPa - (Flight level)
Airspaces
Controlled | Uncont. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | |
VFR allowed | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
ATC service | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | IFR | IFR Adv | X |
Separation provided: | |||||||
IFR ↔ IFR | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | (✓) | X |
IFR ↔ VFR | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | trf | (trf) | X | X |
VFR ↔ VFR | ✓ | ✓ | trf | trf | (trf) | X | X |
trf = traffic information
( ) = as far as practical
ICAO Annexes
- 1 Personnel Licensing
- 2 Rules of the Air
- 3 Meteorology
- 4 Charts
- 5 Units and Measurements
- 6 Operations
- 7 Registration Markings
- 8 Airworthiness
- 9 Facilitation
- 10 Telecommunications
- 11 Air Traffic Services
- 12 Search and Rescue
- 13 Accidents
- 14 Aerodromes
- 15 AIS
- 16 Environmental Protection
- 17 Security
- 18 Dangerous Goods
Search & Rescue signals
- V = require assistance
- X = require medical assistance
- N = no
- Y = yes
- ↑ = direction
Aerodromes
Runway lights
- Edge: white, fixed (precision approach: variable white/yellow)
- Start: green, unidirectional
- End: red, unidirectional
- Centerline: white (some red towards the end)
Taxiway lights
- Edge: blue, fixed
- Center line: green, fixed
Beacon
- Flashing: white + green (morse code ID in green)
Signs
- Information: yellow/black or black/yellow
- Mandatory: white on red
Light Signals
steady green | |
flashing green | |
steady red | |
flashing red | |
flashing white | |
red fireworks |