Projects:EASA PPL/Air Law

VFR Distances

• VFR requires VMC conditions
• Around airport:
  • Cloud ceiling > 1500'
  • Ground vis >= 5km
• general:
  • 1500m horizontally + 1000' vertical distance from cloud
  • at or below 10000' = 5km visibility
  • above 10000' = 8km visibility
• No VFR allowed:
  • in Class A airspace
  • >= FL200
  • transonic, supersonic
  • min. 1000' over towns
  • min. 500' over other ground

IFR Distances

• 1000' above highest obstacle within 8km radius
• 2000' above highest obstacle in mountainous area, > 5000', turbulent conditions

Squawk codes

• 7000 = VFR
• 7500 = Hijacking
• 7600 = Radio failure
• 7700 = Mayday

Pressure

• QNH - altitude (above MSL)
• QFE - height (above airport)
• Standard 1013.25 hPa - (Flight level)

Airspaces

	Controlled					Uncont.
	A	B	C	D	E	F	G
VFR allowed	X	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
ATC service	✓	✓	✓	✓	IFR	IFR Adv	X
Separation provided:
IFR ↔ IFR	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	(✓)	X
IFR ↔ VFR	✓	✓	✓	trf	(trf)	X	X
VFR ↔ VFR	✓	✓	trf	trf	(trf)	X	X

trf = traffic information

( ) = as far as practical

ICAO Annexes

• 1 Personnel Licensing
• 2 Rules of the Air
• 3 Meteorology
• 4 Charts
• 5 Units and Measurements
• 6 Operations
• 7 Registration Markings
• 8 Airworthiness
• 9 Facilitation
• 10 Telecommunications
• 11 Air Traffic Services
• 12 Search and Rescue
• 13 Accidents
• 14 Aerodromes
• 15 AIS
• 16 Environmental Protection
• 17 Security
• 18 Dangerous Goods

Search & Rescue signals

• V = require assistance
• X = require medical assistance
• N = no
• Y = yes
• ↑ = direction

Aerodromes

Runway lights

• Edge: white, fixed (precision approach: variable white/yellow)
• Start: green, unidirectional
• End: red, unidirectional
• Centerline: white (some red towards the end)

Taxiway lights

• Edge: blue, fixed
• Center line: green, fixed

Beacon

• Flashing: white + green (morse code ID in green)

Signs

• Information: yellow/black or black/yellow
• Mandatory: white on red