Projects:EASA PPL/Meteorology: Difference between revisions

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(Created page with "* Stratosphere: Upper level, Temp constant * Tropopause: ** Boundary, Temp is higher in polar regions, 36090ft, -56.5°C ** at equator: 55000ft, -75°C ** at polar: 25000ft, -45°C * Troposphere: ** Half the mass of atmosphere is in the first 5km {| class="wikitable" |+Lapse rate ! !per 1000ft !per 100m |- | -> Absolute instability |>3° | |- |Dry Adiabatic |3° |1° |- | -> conditionally stable |2-3° | |- |Average (ISA) 15° @ MSL |1.98° |0.65° |- |Saturated (Centr...")
 
 
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* Stratosphere: Upper level, Temp constant
== Atmosphere ==
* <s>Thermosphere</s>
* <s>Mesosphere</s>
* Stratosphere: Upper level, temperature constant
* Tropopause:  
* Tropopause:  
** Boundary, Temp is higher in polar regions, 36090ft, -56.5°C
** Boundary layer, Avg 36090ft, -56.5°C
** at equator: 55000ft, -75°C
** at equator: 55000ft, -75°C
** at polar: 25000ft, -45°C
** at polar: 25000ft, -45°C
* Troposphere:
* Troposphere:
** Half the mass of atmosphere is in the first 5km
** Half the mass of atmosphere is in the lower 5km


== Lapse Rate ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Lapse rate
|+
!
!
!per 1000ft
!per 1000ft
!per 100m
!per 100m
|-
|-
| -> Absolute instability
| ''Absolute instability''
|>3°
|''>3°''
|
|
|-
|-
|Dry Adiabatic
|'''Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate'''
|3°
|'''3°'''
|1°
|'''1°'''
|-
|-
| -> conditionally stable
| ''conditionally stable''
|2-3°
|''2-3°''
|
|
|-
|-
|Average (ISA) 15° @ MSL
|'''Average Environmental Lapse Rate (ISA) 15° @ MSL'''
|1.98°
|'''1.98°'''
|0.65°
|'''0.65°'''
|-
|-
|Saturated (Central Europe)
|'''Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate (Central Europe)'''
|1.8°
|'''1.8°'''
|0.6°
|'''0.6°'''
|-
|-
| -> stable
| ''stable''
|<2°
|''<2°''
|
|
|-
|-
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|}
|}


== Altimetry ==
* Pressure altitude: Indicated altitude at 1013.25 hPa setting
* Density altitude: pressure altitude corrected for non-ISA temperatures (120ft per 1°C change from ISA)
* QNH: ..N.. nautical
* True altitude:
* Wind on hPa - Wind on height
* Wind off hPa - Wind off height
* High to low - beware below
* Low to High - up in the sky
* 1) Correct altitude for pressure: 1hPa = 27ft
* 2) Correct altitude for Temp: 1% per 2.5°C change from ISA
** colder: indicated alt minus offset / warmer: indicated alt plus offset
== Wind ==
*Mountain-valley:
**Katabatic: at night down from the mountains
**Anabatic: up the mountain by day
*Land-breeze: From land-to-water, during the night, weaker than sea-breeze
*Sea breeze: From the sea to land, during the day
*pressure gradient: diff between high and low
*straight isobar: pressure gradient force + coriolis force
*curved isobar: gradient wind: pressure gradient force + coriolis force + centrifugal force
** Col: saddle point/neutral point
* Geostrophic winds: ?
* Convective weather:
* Convective weather:
** Thunderstorms, hail, tornados, wind gusts, heavy showers, lightning strikes
** Thunderstorms, hail, tornados, wind gusts, heavy showers, lightning strikes
* Altimetry:
** Pressure altitude: Indicated altitude at 1013.25 hPa setting
** Density altitude: pressure altitude corrected for non-ISA temperatures (120ft per 1°C change from ISA)
** QNH: ..N.. nautical
** True altitude:
** Wind on hPa - Wind on height
** Wind off hPa - Wind off height
** High to low - beware below
** Low to High - up in the sky
** 1) Correct altitude for pressure: 1hPa = 27ft
** 2) Correct altitude for Temp: 1% per 2.5°C change from ISA
*** colder: indicated alt minus offset / warmer: indicated alt plus offset
** Col: saddle point/neutral point
*Low pressure travelling in summer: between 45° - 70°
*Low pressure travelling in summer: between 45° - 70°
*Veering: ?
*Backing: ?
== Air Masses ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!prefix
!suffix
|-
|A = Arctic
|m = maritime
|-
|P = Polar
|c = continental
|-
|T = Tropical
|
|-
|E = Equatorial
|
|}
== Clouds ==
*Clouds:
*Clouds:
**AC - Altocumulus
**AC - Altocumulus
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**
**
**Altocumulus lenticularis:  mountain wave cloud, strong wind at right angle to the ridge, stable air
**Altocumulus lenticularis:  mountain wave cloud, strong wind at right angle to the ridge, stable air
*Wind
 
**Mountain-valley:
== Fog ==
***Katabatic: at night down from the mountains
 
***Anabatic: up the mountain by day
* Radiation fog: at night/early day, when the ground cools. wind <5kt
**Land-breeze: From land-to-water, during the night, weaker than sea-breeze
* Advection fog: warm, moist air over cooler ground/sea below, 10-15kt, can withstands 25kt winds
**Sea breeze: From the sea to land, during the day
* Frontal fog: ahead of warm front
**pressure gradient: diff between high and low
 
**straight isobar: pressure gradient force + coriolis force
== Icing ==
**curved isobar: gradient wind: pressure gradient force + coriolis force + centrifugal force
 
== Other ==
 
* CAVOK: vis 10km+, no clouds below 5000 above GND
 
== METAR / TAF Abbreviations ==
METAR: every 30min at :20 and :50
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|}

Latest revision as of 16:13, 23 January 2023

Atmosphere

  • Thermosphere
  • Mesosphere
  • Stratosphere: Upper level, temperature constant
  • Tropopause:
    • Boundary layer, Avg 36090ft, -56.5°C
    • at equator: 55000ft, -75°C
    • at polar: 25000ft, -45°C
  • Troposphere:
    • Half the mass of atmosphere is in the lower 5km

Lapse Rate

per 1000ft per 100m
Absolute instability >3°
Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate 3° 1°
conditionally stable 2-3°
Average Environmental Lapse Rate (ISA) 15° @ MSL 1.98° 0.65°
Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate (Central Europe) 1.8° 0.6°
stable <2°
Dew point 0.5°

Altimetry

  • Pressure altitude: Indicated altitude at 1013.25 hPa setting
  • Density altitude: pressure altitude corrected for non-ISA temperatures (120ft per 1°C change from ISA)
  • QNH: ..N.. nautical
  • True altitude:
  • Wind on hPa - Wind on height
  • Wind off hPa - Wind off height
  • High to low - beware below
  • Low to High - up in the sky
  • 1) Correct altitude for pressure: 1hPa = 27ft
  • 2) Correct altitude for Temp: 1% per 2.5°C change from ISA
    • colder: indicated alt minus offset / warmer: indicated alt plus offset

Wind

  • Mountain-valley:
    • Katabatic: at night down from the mountains
    • Anabatic: up the mountain by day
  • Land-breeze: From land-to-water, during the night, weaker than sea-breeze
  • Sea breeze: From the sea to land, during the day
  • pressure gradient: diff between high and low
  • straight isobar: pressure gradient force + coriolis force
  • curved isobar: gradient wind: pressure gradient force + coriolis force + centrifugal force
    • Col: saddle point/neutral point
  • Geostrophic winds: ?
  • Convective weather:
    • Thunderstorms, hail, tornados, wind gusts, heavy showers, lightning strikes
  • Low pressure travelling in summer: between 45° - 70°
  • Veering: ?
  • Backing: ?

Air Masses

prefix suffix
A = Arctic m = maritime
P = Polar c = continental
T = Tropical
E = Equatorial

Clouds

  • Clouds:
    • AC - Altocumulus
    • AS - Alsostatus
    • CB - Cumulonimbus
    • CC - Cirrocumulus
    • CI - Cirrus
    • CS Cirrostratus
    • CU - Cumulus
    • NS - Nimbostratus (moderate to severe icing)
    • SC - Stratocumulus
    • ST - Stratus
    • Altocumulus lenticularis: mountain wave cloud, strong wind at right angle to the ridge, stable air

Fog

  • Radiation fog: at night/early day, when the ground cools. wind <5kt
  • Advection fog: warm, moist air over cooler ground/sea below, 10-15kt, can withstands 25kt winds
  • Frontal fog: ahead of warm front

Icing

Other

  • CAVOK: vis 10km+, no clouds below 5000 above GND

METAR / TAF Abbreviations

METAR: every 30min at :20 and :50

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