Projects:EASA PPL/Flight Performance and Planning: Difference between revisions

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(Created page with "* Units: ** 1 NM = 1.852 km ** 1m = 3,28 ft ** 1 US gal = 3.785 L ** 1 kg = 2.205 pounds * Terminologie: ** Neutrally stable: center of gravity towards rear limit ** Datum: on longitudinal axis, not necessarily between nose and tail ** backside of power curve: speed unstable ** rate of climb: climb gradient (%) * TAS / 100 ** climb gradient: *** (thrust - drag) / weigth * 100 *** Rate of climb / True airspeed **climb angle: tan-1 (gradient (rise/run) e.g. 5,2% -> 5.2/1...")
 
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* Units:
== Terminology ==
** 1 NM = 1.852 km
* Neutrally stable: center of gravity towards rear limit
** 1m = 3,28 ft
* Datum: on longitudinal axis, not necessarily between nose and tail
** 1 US gal = 3.785 L
* Backside of power curve: speed unstable
** 1 kg = 2.205 pounds
* Rate of climb: climb gradient (%) * TAS / 100
* Climb gradient:  
** (thrust - drag) / weigth * 100
** Rate of climb / True airspeed
*Climb angle: tan-1 (gradient (rise/run) e.g. 5,2% -> 5.2/100 -> tan-1 (0.052)
* Glide for max time (endurance) :
** at minimum rate of descent, TAS for max time will increase with altitude
** ~max rate of climb speed (Vmindrag = VY?)
* Glide for max range (distance):
** Lift / Drag ratio at maximum, TAS for max range will increase with altitude


* Terminologie:
== Power curve ==
** Neutrally stable: center of gravity towards rear limit
** Datum: on longitudinal axis, not necessarily between nose and tail
** backside of power curve: speed unstable
** rate of climb: climb gradient (%) * TAS / 100
** climb gradient:
*** (thrust - drag) / weigth * 100
*** Rate of climb / True airspeed
**climb angle: tan-1 (gradient (rise/run) e.g. 5,2% -> 5.2/100 -> tan-1 (0.052)
** glide for max time (endurance) :
*** at minimum rate of descent, TAS for max time will increase with altitude
*** ~max rate of climb speed (Vmindrag = VY?)
** glide for max range (distance):
*** Lift / Drag ratio at maximum, TAS for max range will increase with altitude
** VS0: stalling speed in landing configuration
** VS1: stalling speed in specific configuration (e.g. cruise)
** VX: Best angle of climb (obstacle avoidance), max excess of thrust over drag
** VY: Best rate of climb speed, max excess power (diff between drag curve and power curve), flaps reduce VY




== V-Speeds ==


* Weight & Mass:
*VS0: stalling speed in landing configuration
** BEM: Basic empty mass
* VS1: stalling speed in specific configuration (e.g. cruise)
** DOM: Dry operating mass (BEM + variable load (Crew+special equipment)
* VX: Best angle of climb (obstacle avoidance), max excess of thrust over drag
** ZFM: Zero fuel mass (DOM + TL)
* VY: Best rate of climb speed, max excess power (diff between drag curve and power curve), flaps reduce VY
** TL / TF: Traffic Load / Payload
** Max permissible take-off mass - wake turbulence category: L 7000kg


* Fuel:
== Weight & Mass: ==
** Block / Ramp Fuel: In the tank before the trip
* BEM: Basic empty mass
** Start
* DOM: Dry operating mass (BEM + variable load (Crew+special equipment)
** Taxi
* ZFM: Zero fuel mass (DOM + TL)
** Trip: take off, climb, cruise, descent, approach, landing
* TL / TF: Traffic Load / Payload
** Reserve:
* Max permissible take-off mass - wake turbulence category: L 7000kg
*** Contingency: 5% of trip or 5min at cruise comsumption
*** Alternate: missed approach, climb, cruise, descent, approach, landing
*** Final reserve: 45min
*** Additional: choice by PIC
** Avgas: 0,72 density / specific gravity


* Flight Plan:
== Fuel ==
** Required when: IFR, cross-border
* Block / Ramp Fuel: In the tank when off the blocks
** Total estimated time: from take-off to arrive over destination
* Start: start engine
** Elapsed time format: 1h55min -> 0155
* Taxi: taxi to runway
**
* Trip: take-off, climb, cruise, descent, approach, landing
** Item 7, Identifier for Radio equipped aircraft: RTF callsign
* Reserve:
** Item 9, Number and Type of Aircraft / Aircraft designator:  
** Contingency: 5% of trip or 5min at cruise comsumption
*** Number of Aircraft: in group
** Alternate: missed approach, climb, cruise, descent, approach, landing
*** No designator: ZZZZ + entry in item 18
** Final reserve: 45min
** Item 10, Equipment: Carriage of a Mode A+C (altitude) Transponder -> Letter C
** Additional: choice by PIC
** Item 15, Speed: TAS
** Item 16, Destination estimated time to: EDDM0215 (2h 15min flight time)
** Item 19,  
*** Number of passangers: TBN (to be notified) if not known when filing
*** Emergency and survival equipment: cross out the relevant boxes of equipment NOT carried


* Avgas: 0,72 density / specific gravity


* Memorize questions:
== Flight Plan ==
** What is minimum headwind to land at Helgoland?
* Required when: IFR, cross-border
*** 1300ft Runway, MSL, ISA, 3200lbs -> 10kt
* Total estimated time: from take-off to arrive over destination
** Landing distance?
* Elapsed time format: 1h55min -> 0155
*** OAT: 27°C, 3000ft alt, 2900lbs, tailwind 5kt, -> Landing distance: 1850ft
* Item 7, Identifier for Radio equipped aircraft: RTF callsign
*** OAT: ISA+15°C, 0ft alt, 2940lbs, headwind 10kt, grass factor 1.38 -> Landing distance: 1794ft
* Item 9, Number and Type of Aircraft / Aircraft designator:  
** Ground distance to reach height:
** Number of Aircraft: in group
*** OAT: 25°C, 1000ft alt, 3600lbs, 100KIAS, 15kt headwind -> Ground distance: 15596ft
** No designator: ZZZZ + entry in item 18
** Wind correction angle:
* Item 10, Equipment: Carriage of a Mode A+C (altitude) Transponder -> Letter C
*** True course 017° / TAS 420kt  -  Wind 340°/30kt -> WCA -2°; 396kt GS
* Item 15, Speed: TAS
*** True cource 42°, Variantion 6°, Deviation card for 045=-4 -> 052° Compass heading
* Item 16, Destination estimated time to: EDDM0215 (2h 15min flight time)
** Map
* Item 19,  
*** Villingen to Freudenstadt: 24NM distance
** Number of passangers: TBN (to be notified) if not known when filing
*** Villingen to Freundenstadt: min altitude 4500ft
** Emergency and survival equipment: cross out the relevant boxes of equipment NOT carried
*** Peiting to Immenstadt: 32NM distance
*** Saulgau to Altenstadt: Magnetic 091°, 54NM
*** Erbach to Poltringen: Magnetic 289°, 76km
*** Sigmaringen to Biberach: Magnetic 084°, 22NM
*** Zurich VOLMET: 127.20 MHz
*** Nav aid @ 48°23N 008°39E -> VOR
** Fuel consumption:
*** FL 75, OAT 10°, 2300rpm, -> 11.6gph / 160kt
*** 3500lbs, 2500ft alt, OAT 10°C, FL140 (OAT -5°C) -> 23,5min / 7.1gal / 48.5 NM
*** 3663lbs, AVGAS (6lbs/gal), 74gal, Take off MSL, Headwind 40kt, Cruise 8000ft, 2300RPM -> 633NM
*** Tripfuel: 136kg , 2h45min flight time, -> 3h34min
*** 10lbs startup + taxi,  
**** 64 pounds per hour
**** Total block 283 lbs = 205lbs cruise + 10lbs startup + 6lbs (1gal) + 62 lbs reserve (205*30%)
**Weather:
***EGLL forecast 0600 -> 1500m min vis

Latest revision as of 17:42, 22 January 2023

Terminology

  • Neutrally stable: center of gravity towards rear limit
  • Datum: on longitudinal axis, not necessarily between nose and tail
  • Backside of power curve: speed unstable
  • Rate of climb: climb gradient (%) * TAS / 100
  • Climb gradient:
    • (thrust - drag) / weigth * 100
    • Rate of climb / True airspeed
  • Climb angle: tan-1 (gradient (rise/run) e.g. 5,2% -> 5.2/100 -> tan-1 (0.052)
  • Glide for max time (endurance) :
    • at minimum rate of descent, TAS for max time will increase with altitude
    • ~max rate of climb speed (Vmindrag = VY?)
  • Glide for max range (distance):
    • Lift / Drag ratio at maximum, TAS for max range will increase with altitude

Power curve

V-Speeds

  • VS0: stalling speed in landing configuration
  • VS1: stalling speed in specific configuration (e.g. cruise)
  • VX: Best angle of climb (obstacle avoidance), max excess of thrust over drag
  • VY: Best rate of climb speed, max excess power (diff between drag curve and power curve), flaps reduce VY

Weight & Mass:

  • BEM: Basic empty mass
  • DOM: Dry operating mass (BEM + variable load (Crew+special equipment)
  • ZFM: Zero fuel mass (DOM + TL)
  • TL / TF: Traffic Load / Payload
  • Max permissible take-off mass - wake turbulence category: L 7000kg

Fuel

  • Block / Ramp Fuel: In the tank when off the blocks
  • Start: start engine
  • Taxi: taxi to runway
  • Trip: take-off, climb, cruise, descent, approach, landing
  • Reserve:
    • Contingency: 5% of trip or 5min at cruise comsumption
    • Alternate: missed approach, climb, cruise, descent, approach, landing
    • Final reserve: 45min
    • Additional: choice by PIC
  • Avgas: 0,72 density / specific gravity

Flight Plan

  • Required when: IFR, cross-border
  • Total estimated time: from take-off to arrive over destination
  • Elapsed time format: 1h55min -> 0155
  • Item 7, Identifier for Radio equipped aircraft: RTF callsign
  • Item 9, Number and Type of Aircraft / Aircraft designator:
    • Number of Aircraft: in group
    • No designator: ZZZZ + entry in item 18
  • Item 10, Equipment: Carriage of a Mode A+C (altitude) Transponder -> Letter C
  • Item 15, Speed: TAS
  • Item 16, Destination estimated time to: EDDM0215 (2h 15min flight time)
  • Item 19,
    • Number of passangers: TBN (to be notified) if not known when filing
    • Emergency and survival equipment: cross out the relevant boxes of equipment NOT carried
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